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Hepatitis B is spread through what channels, how to prevent it?

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Usually eat in the canteen will be infected with hepatitis B will not ah? This is the how. To how to prevent it

 

best answer

 

Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) due to liver inflammation and can lead to multiple organ damage mainly of a contagious disease. The disease widely prevalent in the world, mainly affects children and young adults, can be transformed into a small number of patients with liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. Therefore, it has become a serious threat to human health worldwide disease, is also prevalent in our country's most extensive, the most serious dangers of a contagious disease.

The prevalence of hepatitis B with no fixed period for all year round may be ill, but mostly distributed. In recent years, the incidence of hepatitis B was significantly higher trend, fx120 to remind you to avoid the endemic regions, pay attention to health habits, living conditions, to improve their level of immunity can be effective in preventing hepatitis B and other measures.

Hepatitis medicine can be divided into A, B, C, D, E, F. G seven types, of which hepatitis B is the most widely popular and endanger the most serious kind of infectious hepatitis. Hepatitis B (HBV for short) is a Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) causes liver inflammatory damage of the disease throughout the world, clinical manifestations of fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, tired oil, diarrhea and abdominal distention, some cases have fever, jaundice, about half of the patients with onset of hiding, found during inspections. Of hepatitis B virus infection in the human body, widely present in the blood, saliva, vaginal secretions, breast milk, semen, etc., mainly through blood, sexual contact, transmission such as close contact, so the incidence of hepatitis B have a familial.

 

However, not every person will become infected with the virus hepatitis B patients, which is the number of patients infected with the virus, virulence and infection methods are closely related to each person's physical, the immune response status, but also illness and disease course of hepatitis B transfer plays an important role in return. Therefore, patients infected with hepatitis B virus may occur the following results: no ill and to produce a protective hepatitis B surface antibody, long-term chronic asymptomatic carriers, and mild chronic hepatitis, severe hepatitis.

 

Difficult to eradicate hepatitis B, treatment is currently no cure. Therefore, comprehensive treatment of hepatitis B should be from different perspectives: one, there must be strong will to defeat the enemy, "anger is the liver injury," in order to maintain a happy mood; 2, virus activity in patients with bed rest must wait until a stable condition, elevated transaminases is not only when appropriate activities; 3, hepatitis B drugs such as the use of forces, as many as harmful, as little as invalid, for their own illness, under the guidance of experts choose to take anti-viral drugs, adjust the immune drugs, promoting blood circulation drugs, anti-fibrosis and promote the regeneration drugs, not sick, becoming a drug of abuse; 4, maintaining a regular life, reasonable arrangements for catering, catering mainly for light.

 

Refractory hepatitis B, but it is not difficult to prevent. If we do a good job of preventing that hurdle, and hepatitis B will not be terrible, the prevention of hepatitis B include: a broad implementation of hepatitis B vaccination work; 2 to keep a positive attitude and optimistic mood, strengthen the confidence to overcome the disease; 3, to understand and grasp some of hepatitis B disease prevention knowledge, to develop and adhere to good scientific patterns of life; 4, a reasonable allocation of nutrition and diet, alcohol and tobacco bogey Eat less greasy thing to avoid constipation; 5, pay attention to living and personal hygiene, according to the temperature change clothes, and actively to the prevention of infection; 6, actively cooperate with medical treatment under the guidance of a doctor medication regularly review liver function.

 

Of hepatitis B virus infection in the human body, if the body strong resistance, immune function was normal, and treated quickly, it will soon be cleared of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B can be cured in the acute phase. But once the hepatitis B virus failed to promptly remove, hepatitis B will become chronic, long-term carrying the virus will check the performance of the hepatitis B antigen positive, and this is what we call the hepatitis B virus carriers. If the hepatitis B virus activity in the liver cells, copy propagation, you can have clinical symptoms, common symptoms include: feeling of liver discomfort, dull pain, general malaise, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, disgust oil, diarrhea. Patients sometimes low fever, severe patients may develop jaundice, when to the hospital for treatment should be promptly, if the delay in treatment, few patients will develop into severe hepatitis, liver dysfunction showed a sharp increase until the failure, accompanied by renal failure such as multiple organ dysfunction, the patient will be a sustained increase in jaundice, oliguria, anuria, ascites, confusion, delirium, coma. Chronic hepatitis B after prolonged illness, will be along the "hepatitis B - liver cirrhosis - liver," the direction of evolution, that is what we often call a "trilogy of hepatitis B," so therapeutic measures should be taken after the Huanyi Gan, and regular check-ups.

 

 

How to correctly understand the effect of determining standards for the treatment of hepatitis B

 

 

Many patients believed that only "big Xiao Sanyang all overcast" is the sole purpose of hepatitis B treatment. In fact, this view is incorrect and does not conform to the current actual situation of hepatitis B treatment. More objective criteria to determine the efficacy of science can be divided into the following categories:

 

(1) clinical cure students of indicators such as serum aminotransferase, bilirubin, etc. back to normal, clinical symptoms improved or disappeared, regardless of their virological signs how could be considered as clinically cured.

 

(2) reduce the infectious on the basis of the clinical cure after treatment e antigen and serum HBVDNA (hepatitis B virus genes) overcast, or viral replication was significantly decreased in the blood of such patients without complete virus particles, it is extremely contagious . Liver damage is relatively minor, for recruitment, further education and pregnancy should have no significant effect, can be a normal social activities, but should insist on reviewing, observing changes in condition. In case of the two following situations, it should be active treatment: serum HBVDNA to positive; liver function abnormalities, there are clear clinical symptoms; e antigen seroconversion a clear tendency to liver fibrosis or early signs of cirrhosis of the liver.

 

(3) virus removal expressed as serum HBsAg turned negative in blood and liver tissue of HBVDNA examination were negative. And the follow-up observation of more than one year without recurrence; but the total eradication of hepatitis B virus is still to be resolved, before the country is not yet cured of hepatitis B as a sole criterion.

 

(4) antibody was negative. Antibodies appear to reflect the body's response to the viral nature of, in general, antibody generation and treatment related to the disappearance of the body and treatment of Hangzhou has nothing to do with the disappearance of antigen, the correlation of antibody will naturally overcast. Antibody negative conversion rate varies, but also with antibodies to the categories. If e antibody negative conversion of natural shorter, while the core antibody in the body to maintain time can be up to more than a decade. Dry this, as long as the serological detection of surface antigens, the indoor antigen negative, serum HBVDNA negative, regardless of an antibody or several antibodies, generally no treatment indications, could be observed on a regular basis. Of course, if the surface antibody negative, hepatitis B can be vaccinated infected Yin, but the vaccination dose and procedures are different from normal people, the best use of adjuvant at the same time.

 

What does elevated alanine aminotransferase

 

This is caused by viral hepatitis Gu acid alanine aminotransferase, referred to as alanine aminotransferase (CPT) increased the most common causes. Various types of acute and chronic viral hepatitis patients, CPT may be increased, but the increase in the extent and degree of liver injury is not directly proportional to CTP values must not be high or low light conditions were judged.

 

Toxic hepatitis, a variety of drugs and chemical agents, such as erythromycin, isoniazid, phenylbutazone, etc. can cause CPT increased after withdrawal, CPT will soon return to normal.

 

Cirrhosis of the liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, primary or metastatic liver cancer patients are often higher than normal levels of CPT. However, some indicators did not change significantly in patients with GPT, this time, measured in the blood can be added to other enzymes and alpha-fetoprotein, while B-ultrasonography or CT examination also contribute to differential diagnosis.

 

Many studies have shown that alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and fatty liver in patients with elevated levels of CPT, but the patients with fatty liver accompanied by cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased.

 

Biliary tract disease, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis and other acute when the target can also be elevated in patients with CPT, but all accompanied by fever, abdominal pain, jaundice, elevated bilirubin and other symptoms, after controlling the inflammation, CPT can be reduced to normal.

 

Heart disease with acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, heart failure and elevated levels of CPT, but the increase extent as COT (aspartate aminotransferase) were significantly.

 

Certain other infectious diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, also the increase of CPT can occur, but these diseases have their specific clinical manifestations, the help of a number of laboratory tests can confirm the diagnosis.

 

Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (also known as HBV) caused by, HBV hepatitis B patients who present in the blood, sweat, saliva, menstruation, breast milk, and secretions such as tears. With acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis patients with acute exacerbation, when the above-mentioned body fluids and secretions and post-exposure, HBV can be transmitted into the blood of the hepatitis.

 

HBV into the blood of the main ways:

 

¢Ù mother to child vertical transmission: China's current HBsAg-positive persons about 1.4 million people, of which 85% through mother to child transmission. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B in China and the high incidence of the main reasons for the spread. A small number of infants and disseminators of the parent. Mother to child transmission is mainly through the birth canal infections or intrauterine infection.

 

¢Ú spread of blood or blood products: The HBV contaminated blood products, such as albumin, platelets or blood loss of blood recipients, the majority of post-transfusion hepatitis will occur, while hemodialysis, kidney dialysis will also be infected with HBV.

 

¢Û iatrogenic transmission: The HBV contaminated medical devices (such as scalpels, dental drill, endoscopic, laparoscopic, etc.) can be transmitted HBV.

 

¢Ü close contact within the family: mainly refers to sexual contact, close contact with daily life (like using a toothbrush, towels, cups and chopsticks), are affected by HBV infection may be. HBV can damage mucous membranes into close contact in vivo.

 

¢Ý in public places, barber shops, beauty salons easily HBV contamination, such as bath, razors, etc. can be transmitted HBV.

 

Precautions

 

First of mother to child transmission is the most important route of transmission of hepatitis B in China, domestic attaches great importance, since the 80's were born from HBsAg-positive pregnant women, infants were generally injected with hepatitis B vaccine. Through 20 years of efforts, the Shanghai-born babies HBsAg carriers from 9.8% to 0.5%. So that we can proudly say that China in the near future will be significantly lower HBsAg carriers, hepatitis B can be prevented entirely. Second, rigorous screening blood donors, to ensure that medical use of blood and blood products are not contaminated.

 

Finally, to enhance the treatment of patients with hepatitis B, chronic active hepatitis B Preferred ¦Á-interferon anti-viral therapy. Common sense should be the strengthening of health outreach, to develop good hygiene practices. Through these various measures, I believe the near future, a significant reduction in hepatitis B patients will be greatly.

 

The key lies in the eradication of hepatitis B prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission summed up in two aspects:

 

Menstrual blood infection: If the input whole blood, plasma, serum or other blood products. In the tropics and subtropics of the mosquitoes and a variety of blood-sucking insects may spread hepatitis B virus.

 

Mother to child transmission: pregnant women are carriers of hepatitis B, through the birth canal directly transmitted to newborns.

 

Body fluids: Hepatitis B virus, such as medical equipment is not thoroughly disinfected after pollution caused by improper transmission or handling. Sexual contact transmission. And hepatitis B patients or carriers of the long-term close contact such as: saliva, urine, blood, bile and milk will cause pollution of hepatitis B infection.

 

Detection of hepatitis B indicators "two pairs of semi-" and its testing methods and techniques mature, simple, inexpensive, but also has the more important clinical significance, can explain a lot of clinical problems, so widespread at all levels, hospitals have launched the "two pairs of semi - "testing. People convention to give this "two pairs of half" five indicators came in teams, followed by HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen), anti-HBs (hepatitis B surface antibody), HBeAg (hepatitis B e antigen), anti-HBe (hepatitis B e antibody ), anti-HBc (hepatitis B core antibody), and then people turn first, third and five positive (ie HBsAg, HBeAg and anti-HBc) is called HBeAg, the first, four-, five positive (HBsAg , anti-HBe, anti-HBc) is called Xiao Sanyang.

 

"HBeAg" meaning do? We have from three positive indicators for analysis. The first is HBsAg-positive. General Tips in vivo with hepatitis B virus exist, and now being infected; HBeAg-positive hepatitis B virus replication targets, suggesting that hepatitis B virus is active in vivo replication, the virus content of more infectious is relatively strong. Anti-anti-HBc positive significance not only have been prompted to hepatitis B virus infection, and now the body may have the virus, it may not. So all this combined, the "HBeAg" meaning there is a positive hepatitis B virus present infection, the virus is active replication, the virus greater number of infectious is relatively strong.

 

It should be noted that the "HBeAg" can only show the body the virus, but not explain the liver function, unable to explain the severity of liver damage. Some people mistakenly think that the "HBeAg" is meant a heavy liver damage, which is wrong. The severity of liver damage only by liver function tests for B checks to determine the extra fine, but not with the virus targets one or several positive are not necessarily linked.

 

1 What is hepatitis B? Summary What is the pathogenesis?

Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of the liver disease. HBV itself is no obvious damage to the liver, mainly through the body's immune response caused by liver cell injury, HBV infection in the human body may stimulate the body to produce a series of antibodies and cellular immune response, if the body's immune response to normal, you can clear the virus infection cured; immune not provide a clear response to the virus, the virus can persist and become chronic hepatitis B.

 

2, hepatitis B transmission What is this? How to prevent hepatitis B infection?

There are three main route of transmission: blood-borne; mother to child vertical transmission; sexually transmitted. Hepatitis B is not spread through the digestive tract and respiratory tract, so everyday contact such as shaking hands, hugging, working together, eating normally does not spread hepatitis B, liver discoloration completely no need to talk about.

 

Prevent hepatitis B infection is the most simple and effective injection of hepatitis B vaccine, and hepatitis B should be taken to avoid contact with skin, mucous membrane damage. Reminded: fill teeth, shaving, pedicure, medical equipment, such as needles and syringes, dental equipment, endoscope disinfection, etc. are not thorough, but also may cause hepatitis B transmission.

 

3, neonatal immunity is the focus of China's hepatitis B prevention

In China, the vast majority of hepatitis B virus infection in young age began, especially the mother to child transmission. Infants and young children due to lack of self-protection, easy to break delicate skin more susceptible to hepatitis B, while immune function due to imperfect and easier to become chronic. According to statistics, young 90% of those infected develop chronic, while adults only 5-10% of infected persons become chronically, so do a good job of neonatal hepatitis B immunization is the fundamental way to solve.

 

My Government has, since December 2002 onwards, have been put into the neonatal hepatitis B vaccine immunization program for newborns billion yuan each year to provide free hepatitis B vaccine. Goal is through the efforts of two generations (about 50 years), through the hepatitis B vaccine, the hepatitis B virus carrier rate from 10% in 1992 to less than 1%. The focus of hepatitis B immunization in rural areas, the available information from the Ministry of Health estimates that hepatitis B vaccination rate in Chinese cities has reached 90%, about 40% in rural areas, there is too much work to be done.

 

4, how to prevent mother to child transmission?

Mother to child transmission is the major mode of transmission of hepatitis B in China. Women's pre-pregnancy check the HBV-DNA, preferably DNA negative to consider pregnancy. HBV-DNA positive mothers immediately after birth injection of hepatitis B immune globulin, the sooner the better, and procedures for injection of hepatitis B vaccine, the success rate of about 95% or so, it is timely to check produce antibodies; DNA-negative mother's children can only injection of hepatitis B vaccines, can also be on the safe injection of hepatitis B immune globulin. The current injection of hepatitis B immune globulin mothers still controversial and not recommended for routine.

 

Xiao Sanyang father, but DNA or HBeAg positive, the child's birth also suggested that injection of hepatitis B immune globulin to prevent after birth in close contact.

 

5, chronic hepatitis B patients the possibility of marriage, birth?

The vast majority of hepatitis B in liver function in patients with stable, the virus does not replicate the situation may be marriage, fertility, the other should be injected with hepatitis B vaccine and produce protective antibodies to hepatitis B patients, especially women, should pay attention to prevention of mother to child transmission. For severe symptoms, liver function was markedly abnormal in patients with chronic temporarily not get married, should be actively treated until a stable condition after the wedding.

 

6, routine inspection and significance of hepatitis B?

HB 5: It is the fundamental basis for diagnosis of hepatitis B infection, HBsAg (+) prompt infected with hepatitis B virus, but does not prompt viral replication and infectious; anti-HBs (+) indicated a protective antibodies against hepatitis B immune, injection of hepatitis B vaccine and natural infection can be recovered after the production of anti-HBs; HBeAg (+) is a target of hepatitis B virus replication, suggesting that infectious; anti-HBe (+), under normal circumstances prompted a low hepatitis B virus replication or no replication, a few cases with DNA test to ascertain whether any viruses variation; anti-HBc tips infected with hepatitis B; anti-HBc-IgM (+) prompt viral replication.

 

HBVDNA positive tips viral replication, there are infectious. At present quantitative PCR detection of DNA should be used with high sensitivity, but false-positive rate was also high, DNA must be to a large, regular hospital inspection in order to avoid errors.

 

Liver function: transaminases, especially ALT is a liver cell injury in the sensitive identification; serum albumin and total protein sub-globulin, albumin decreased prompts the liver cell damage, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver often occurs a decrease in albumin globulin increases, A / G ratio upside down.

 

B-: Liver imaging examination, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver, ascites, liver cancer have a certain amount of tips and diagnostic role.

These results should be a comprehensive analysis by a professional doctor, do not blindly guess.

 

7, diet, life Note:

Diet was mainly alcohol, avoid spicy stimulating foods, such as "Do not eat chicken, lamb, seafood" was no more scientific basis; avoid over exertion, away from toxic chemicals, be used with caution with drugs, in particular on the liver damage drugs. Liver function abnormalities, disease activity should pay attention to rest, light diet, nutritional balance.

 

8, chronic hepatitis B treatment:

At present the treatment of chronic hepatitis B still is a worldwide problem, there is no magic bullet that can cure, so the market all the publicity "cure hepatitis B," "Big Xiao Sanyang was negative," the drugs, therapies are outright liars, pay attention to identification, not to exist leave things to chance, you fooled will encourage cheating in society.

 

To a regular hospital for specialist treatment, developed treatment programs for you and regularly review and promptly adjust treatment programs. Good living habits, diet and reasonable living, optimistic mental state is treated as favorable factors.

 

January 15, 2003, the State Administration for Trade and Industry, Ministry of Health, the State Drug Administration announced the "on the normative medical advertisements, and strengthen supervision of medical advertisements, the notice", including hepatitis B, including 11 kinds of diseases, medical advertisements temporarily Quasi-release, so that both ads related to hepatitis B is an offense!

 

How to treat hepatitis B in order to avoid failure

 

 

Domestic and foreign experts are currently recognized as the exact efficacy of anti-HBV drugs that only ¦Á interferon and lamivudine, Taiwan has launched a Oxymatrine. Several other anti-HBV drugs, such as Ara-AMP, foscarnet and so on, although a certain degree of anti-hepatitis B virus effects, but many side effects and other reasons, the clinical application of small, and some in foreign countries have been eliminated. Evaluation of the standard anti-HBV drugs are effective the first (inhibition and kill the hepatitis B virus), followed by side effects, patients can be long-term use. However, the drug does not meet the above conditions, more so, from doctors to patients should always treasure the existing anti-HBV drugs. Chronic hepatitis B is a very complex disease, even if the application of the anti-HBV drugs, treatment may also fail, the main reasons are the following.

 

Indications inappropriate

 

Whether interferon or lamivudine, have strict indications, not all people infected with hepatitis B virus can be applied. These two drugs is a common indication of chronic hepatitis B patients with elevated aminotransferases reached the upper limit of 2 to 10 times, the liver inflammation were evident. At this time the patient is in the "immune clearance phase", that is the body's immune function start to launch suppress hepatitis B virus, and clear, this time applied anti-viral drugs a helping hand, results are obvious. In the "immune tolerance" period, a normal or a little more than normal ALT, liver inflammation or no light, such as the hepatitis B virus carriers in vivo immune function of the hepatitis B virus "turned a blind eye", then the application of any anti-viral drugs is all in vain, this , interferon, lamivudine results are extremely limited.

 

If you choose an accurate indication, efficacy will be significantly improved, the inappropriate choice of excessive "interference", "indiscriminate anti-drug", not only can not receive satisfactory outcome, but also dampen the confidence of the patient's treatment, or to combat viral resistance to treatment and create a "Anti-virus is invalid theory", the impact of hepatitis B patients with normal medication.

 

Anti-HBV drugs have limitations

 

Chronic hepatitis B is not to spend interferon or lamivudine on the end of the story, nor will recovery after treatment. In fact, the anti-HBV drugs have their limitations, all current anti-viral drugs have hepatitis B virus replication of the original template (cccDNA) is invalid, once the withdrawal, hepatitis B virus cccDNA as a template in order to quickly continue to reproduce, the results of a large number of new hepatitis B Viruses also rampant, causing liver disease recurrence. Physician noted that if we insist on a long-term medication, the maximum suppression of viral replication in vivo, coupled with its participation in immune function, may eventually clear the virus, the patient is possible rehabilitation.

 

Patients with chronic hepatitis B medication, the need to eliminate quick fix, quick ideas, there must be a long-term medication preparation. "Quick-impact theory" is a lie, can not be trusted.

 

Another anti-HBV drugs for patients the limitations of their "response rate" is not 100% (response to describe patients with HBeAg seroconversion after treatment, anti-HBe turn-yang, HBVDNA overcast, ALT normal), interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis B "response rate" of 40%, while the long-term response rate is only about 30%. Lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B, the drug a year, HBeAg seroconversion rate of less than 20%, anti-HBe transfer occurs while only about 15% of Shenyang, despite HBVDNA negative rate of up to 96% ~ 100%, but will not be diverted HBeAg Yin or anti-HBe did not turn-yang, on the easy-to-recurrence. Therefore, we should see the effectiveness of antiviral drugs, but also understand their limitations, a correct understanding of these drugs can not be because of "limitations" and abandoned, not because of "effective" and blindly optimistic.

 

Drug side effects

 

"Is a three-drug", anti-HBV drugs have toxic side effects, which often vary. In addition to use of interferon can cause flu-like syndrome, in addition, can also cause white blood cells, thrombocytopenia, there are hair loss and depression to happen, and sometimes frustrated because the toxic side effects to treatment. Lamivudine and sometimes can cause gastrointestinal reaction.

 

Hepatitis B virus mutation

 

Chronic hepatitis B is a complex disease, under the action of the antiviral drugs and immune pressure, the virus often mutates, it could lead to treatment failure. The course of treatment, the patient's condition often fluctuate, there again, this is not necessarily attributed to the application of antiviral drugs. In addition, patients with chronic hepatitis B immune dysfunction may occur in the treatment of "mixed infection", such as HBV + HCV, HBV + HDV, Hepatitis B + hepatitis A, or the hepatitis B complicated by fatty liver, sometimes compounded by excessive use of drugs, alcohol , so that a complex condition, treatment is more difficult, it was not the fault of antiviral drugs. Analysis and find the reasons for failure and then take steps to effect will still be made.

 

In the application of anti-HBV drugs, they must carefully observe, multi-analysis, anti-HBV drugs is not a "panacea", other drugs such as anti-liver fibrosis, regulating aspects of immune function in an adjuvant is also very necessary. Treatment of hepatitis B fails, antiviral drugs can not be denied, we must not demanding anti-viral drugs. Therapy of hepatitis B has now developed into the most significant advancement is the establishment of a comprehensive anti-virus-based treatment strategy, if they do not anti-virus, we should turn back, millions of hepatitis B patients will know what to do. Of course, the lack of antiviral drugs, scientists have been aware of, is now in-depth study and development of more effective antiviral drugs, should be said that the prospects are optimistic.

 


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